If there is pan genu torsion, due to concomitant tibial torsion, or overt patellar tilt or subluxation, these may be corrected simultaneously.
These patients had no underlying neuromuscular disease but also had contemporaneous femoral osteotomy for pan genu torsion.
However, if there is concomitant femoral anteversion and outward tibial torsion, also known as pan genu torsion or "miserable malalignment" [7], the footprint will be neutral and this combined long bone deformity may be concealed to the unwary observer [7].
In previous work, we evaluated a group of 14 patients with anterior knee pain in 27 limbs with underlying pan genu torsion.
While we have a prior study of pan genu torsion patients without prior surgery, we feel that this study of patients who had prior failed nontorsional correcting surgery is a useful addition to the literature and a caveat to the knee surgeon.
Infrequently, patients have an acute abdomen or pan-peritonitis due to infection, perforation, torsion, or rupture of the tumor [9].
Surgical interventions included femoral rotational osteotomy to correct anteversion, tibial rotational osteotomies to address outward tibial torsion, and simultaneous ipsilateral tibial and femoral osteotomies to address pan genu torsion (Tables 1 and 2).
The deflection of the beam caused by adding the sample to one pan is restored by rotating the end of the torsion fibre until the beam is again in its horizontal position and the full range of torsion in the suspending fibre can be applied to the measurement of the load added to one pan.
Unlike direct displacement balances that rely only on the elasticity of the structural members, the torsion balance allows gravity to balance the largest component of the load, i.e., the pans, and results in greatly increased load capacity.
