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The gimbal torque relationships are obtained from using Newton's second law equation on the assumption that gimbal is rigid body.
Further, to check whether the RMSEMG/RMSMMG/∆CSA to torque relationships are influenced by contraction speed, a hypothesis testing based on adaptive Neyman test (Fan and Lin 1998) was applied to compare the relationship curves of RMSEMG, RMSMMG, and ∆CSA at different contraction speeds.
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Designing the damping controller based on certain damping-torque relationships and indices is also a focused topic [12].
We next compared EMG, MMG, or SMG-to-torque relationships between different contraction speeds.
(1) The mean regression curves of SMG-to-torque relationships have negative coefficients a2 at all the contraction speeds, while the mean regression curves of EMG/MMG-to-torque relationships have positive coefficients a2.
(2) The SMG-to-torque relationship is less affected by contraction speeds than the EMG/MMG-to-torque relationships.
Polynomial regression analyses were applied to fit the EMG/MMG/SMG-to-torque relationships, and the regression coefficients of EMG, MMG, and SMG were compared.
The aim of the study was to examine the continuous SMG-to-torque relationship during isometric ramp contraction, and compared it with EMG-to-torque and MMG-to-torque relationships.
Moreover, the effect of contraction speed on SMG/EMG/MMG-to-torque relationships was tested by pair-wise comparisons of the mean relationship curves at different speeds for EMG, MMG and SMG.
As shown in Fig. 3, the quadratic coefficients a2 of the EMG and MMG regression curves were positive and thus EMG/MMG-to-torque relationships were convex downward, implying the change rate of EMG and MMG had an increasing manner.
When combining the non-linearity of the EMG torque relationship and non-linearity of the superimposed triplet-torque relationship, the EMG torque relationship indicates that a large amount of extra EMG produces relatively little extra torque at high intensities.
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