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To address the issue of unavailable normalization factor, a feedforward fuzzy trajectory compensator is proposed and assembled at the input trajectory level of the inverse dynamics controller rather than at the joint drive torque position.
The torque, position, velocity and surface EMG were AD converted at 2 kHz (Power 1401, Spike 2, Version 5, CED Electronics, Cambridge, UK) and stored for off-line analysis.
Since Hunter et al. (2002) found that, with the same load torque, position tasks resulted in a shorter endurance time than force tasks, suggesting different regulatory mechanism for the both type of tasks, the position task studies gained field.
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This model was fitted to the torque-position data collected at the ankle during low velocity full range of motion manipulations.
There are 7 motorcycle inputs: steering torque, throttle position, rear and front brake torques, gears selected, clutch position and the foot pegs effort (as an indirect measure of the rider's torso motion).
Without any passive mechanisms or torque and position feedback at each joint, the variable compliant leg motions are achieved by only changing the stiffness parameters of the VAAMs.
The estimator operates under multiple sensory data including visual, joint torque, joint position and/or tactile measurements which are combined at the lower level to compensate for the latency and the slow sampling of the visual data.
Unlike other wheeled vehicles, the primary control input on bikes is steering torque, not position.
According to the honeybee's yaw torque, the position of sound sources synchronized with the visual pattern shift.
Stiffness was defined as: Stiffness = Δ Torque Δ Position Stiffness was normalised to the body weight.
The average torque and position was calculated over a 100 ms period prior to the onset of the stretch and immediately following the cessation of the stretch.
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