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With this information, topographic objects like buildings, trees and the relief can be determined.
It defines the three-dimensional geometry, topology, semantics and appearance of the most relevant topographic objects in urban or regional contexts.
In particular, CityGML is an open data model and information exchange standard by the Open Geospatial Consortium,6 defining classes and relations for the most relevant 3D topographic objects in cities (e.g. buildings, transportation infrastructures, city furniture, water bodies) regarding their geometry, topology, semantics, and appearance.
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Furthermore, it allows for the representation of the network components as 3D topographic city objects.
He also said that the cost of upkeep put on the PAF by Royal Mail compared poorly with the costs of the Ordnance Survey, which is responsible for mapping all of Britain, with a national topographic database of 500m objects which sees thousands of changes per day - yet has a budget of £142m annually.
This design methodology is applied to create the new watershed based hydrological model OBJTOP (OBJect oriented, TOPographic based model).
The classification rules were based mainly on spectral, textural, shape, and topographic properties, and included object relationships.
The broader topographic spatial distribution of whole-object-related patterns of neural activity (like the envelope studied here) may set up different kinds of interactions with object-part-related information in different regions of a topographic map, and, singly or in combination, these could contribute to different aspects of perception.
Such speculation regarding various forms of expertise, however, requires additional investigation, as studies on face or object expertise have not analyzed topographic effects beyond lateralization [ 4- 6].
The present findings expand this notion to suggest an important role for top-down attention in driving topographic effects related to representations of different object categories (Haxby et al. 2001).
Full-waveform topographic LiDAR data provide more detailed information about objects along the path of a laser pulse than discrete-return (echo) topographic LiDAR data.
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