The traditional regions of Northern Ireland correspond closely to the main topographic elements, although they are also the outcome of the cultural evolution of the area.
It was possible to infer that local topographic elements induced the time-stability.
Leaving out any topographic elements of "visual noise" – the urban goings-on of people and traffic – he transforms urban façades into deceptively simple and quite beautiful geometric arrangements of primary colours.
At that time, the coast's principal topographic elements came into being, and the modern landscape's pattern was laid on the coastal lowlands.
The combined topographic elements of high elevation and cool aspect produce the longest FRIs and are where fire refugia (old growth) tend to form.
Switzerland's small area contains an unusual diversity of topographic elements, which are divisible into three distinct regions: the Jura Mountains in the northwest, the Alps to the south and east, and the Mittelland, or central plateau, between the two mountain ranges.
Localizations of the fan deltas at the sediment-input sites (Wadis Gassus, Guesis, Quwyh and Sharm El Bahari) are controlled by structural and topographic elements, including relay ramps between interacting normal fault segments, cross-trend transfer faults, reactivated Precambrian basement fabrics and the plunge directions of tilted fault blocks.
Using topographic elements to divide the hillslope, as shown in Figure 1, the topographic elements are defined by the intersection of contour and flow tube boundaries orthogonal to the contours, and the equation of seepage flow is as follows.
Table 2 shows the percentage of unstable topographic elements for the different rainfall durations obtained by the two different models.
It shows that the unstable topographic elements increase with increasing rainfall duration, and thus that rainfall-induced shallow landslides also increase with increasing rainfall duration.
