Exact(1)
Nesnas and Nun [6] in their study of top-down reflection cracking found that the linear elastic model was able to give explanation for the field observation that the reflection crack can initiate at the surface and propagate downwards.
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"Deasy's resignation is a reflection that this top-down, my way or the highway, competition-driven, test-score-fixated way of doing schooling is not working," Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, said in an interview.
Alternatively, it could be that any potential changes observed in neuronal firing in V5/MT by reward are mere reflections of some top-down signal, and do not actually affect the perceptual choice – this possibility is ruled out by our results because the relative contributions of visually evoked and electrically evoked signals on the perceptual choice are affected by reward.
The top-down approach is not only the perfect reflection of the way Mr. Gore operates, but the mirror image of the way his Republican opponent, Gov. George W. Bush, worked on his recent acceptance speech.
"Top-down wiring," Goleman writes, "adds talents like self-awareness and reflection, deliberation and planning to our mind's repertoire".
These are purely endogenous signals and as such we believe that they are a reflection of prediction, i.e. of top-down signals.
But on further reflection, Lohse said, he's not sure a top-down approach will be very effective.
Mindfulness training using age-appropriate activities to exercise children's reflection on their moment- to-moment experiences may support the development of self-regulation by targeting top-down processes while lessening bottom-up influences (such as anxiety, stress, curiosity) to create conditions conducive to reflection, both during problem solving and in more playful, exploratory ways.
Top-down efforts fail.
Not top-down economics.
Top-down all the way.
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