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The demand-driven "top-down" planning of Urban Underground Space (UUS) is common worldwide.
On other hand, we didn't want the book to be another critique of top-down planning.
China is not a democratic country, but it has top-down planning.
To us, this is the epitome of wrong-ended, top-down planning.
The U.S. has always been a decentralized nation, skeptical of top-down planning.
Comprehensive, top-down planning imposed obligations on all elements in the manufacturing spectrum, from suppliers to contractors to employees.
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The idea is that this incentive will prove more effective than top-down plans in stimulating more house-building.
But this consistency is better derived from a clearly articulated strategic intent than from inflexibly applied top-down plans.
In the case study area, the mean size of old forest patches increased from 3.4 to 5.7 ha in 30 years in the top-down plan, and to 4.6 ha in the bottom-up plan.
And at that, only after very significant informal settlements had grown up in the interstices of their triumphal top-down plans.
There is less likelihood of group-think, conformism and top-down plans that militate against good decisions - or of the quick reversal of poor decisions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com