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He is the person in charge of a top-down implementation of Linux software at Merrill Lynch.
The results showed that farmers were generally unsatisfied with the top-down implementation process of agricultural infrastructure projects because they were seldom involved and felt their needs were not considered by the authorities.
Its innovative approach is designed to overcome deadlocks in the top-down implementation of MEAs by means of bottom-up initiatives out of large scale protected areas, and aims to contribute towards improved global protected area governance.
Although the Sendai Framework, compared with HFA, emphasizes a "people-centered," "bottom-up" shift in broad risk governance, the underlying funding and institutional mechanisms (Priority 3 in SFDRR) appear to assume a technocentric, top-down implementation of DRR strategies.
Since the mid-2000s, the Chinese government has advanced an aggressive green building campaign, which is distinguished by its speed, scale, and evolution from one of voluntary participation to a top-down implementation through administrative hierarchies.
More specifically, we will see that teachers' failure to take ownership of the reform, its top-down implementation, and lack of the necessary infrastructure have contributed to teachers' failure to align their language assessment practices to the newly introduced curriculum.
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In the past the blanket application and 'one size fits all´ approach, and top down implementation of SWC interventions have rarely been successful.
Choosing a top down implementation approach however, is based on providing an external stimulus, rather than searching for endogenous factors that would facilitate the same goal.
A political perspective on implementation, therefore, would see it as inherently contested and a negotiated combination of top down implementation with bottom up reactions and accommodations [ 19].
Although the reform process is clearly ongoing and it is still at an early stage, initial levels of awareness were low due to the reform's conceptualisation at the central level and top down implementation, and limited initial diffusion below district level.
Since GDT has repeatedly been confirmed to reduce the length of hospital stay and postoperative complication rates, which per se determine long-term survival after major surgery [ 20], national authorities such as the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the UK facilitate top-down GDT implementation with accounting incentives.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com