Thus, the two NGOs' trajectories and outcomes are products of top-down values, structures and models and the creative, emergent interactions between actors involved at various levels of development.
Even though the Curitiba municipal government leads a mapping process that involves the local communities, some see the Public Housing Company's approach as being "top down" while others see the value added in the governments' adequate knowledge of communities and the key role of social workers.
Top, down, starting with hair.
Rousseau's more radical move was to position himself against the project that we now call modernity; he practically invented the category of "the people," whom he identified as victims of top-down decisions and value systems.
Crucially, we expected that the reward manipulation would lead to additional attentional capture that was neither bottom-up nor top-down, but purely value-driven, as a direct result of the learned stimulus reward associations.
In the mixed method, surgery, anaesthesia, intensive care, logistic, imaging and biology were valued using a top-down approach while consumables were valued using a bottom-up approach.
We select markers top-down from this P-value based-ranking list while discarding biclusters where more than half of the genes are already contained in previously selected markers.
On the other side, a "top-down" approach (using relative value units, hospitals days, or some other metric to assign total costs for a healthcare system to individual services) could be useful as well in order to assess local cost variation.
Spearman correlations between alpha power and DTF values, measuring top-down information transfer from the left and right prefrontal cortex (Fp1, AF3 / Fp2, AF4) to the visual area (PO3, O1, Oz, O2, PO4), were calculated separately for the negative and positive sessions.
