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It was top down pressure.
However, Williams thinks the top down pressure will remain the same, even if they receive a federal waiver.
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Top-down pressure has had only limited success in promoting reform in Poland.
She cites increased workload and "top-down pressure", as well as a wish to spend more time with her husband.
The lumbering structures of parties and traditional top-down pressure groups are ill-suited to such a spontaneous upsurge.
Analysts of Russian elections say the North Caucasus region is a place where violations of election law are uniquely brazen, from a combination of top-down pressure, cultural factors and, in Chechnya, a fearful milieu of police intimidation.
"The intelligence analysts I've dealt with have always been willing to engage in debates on their conclusions, but there is top-down pressure to make the assessments come out a certain way," said John R. Bolton, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and a former ambassador to the United Nations in the Bush administration.
In the absence of other available data, we suggest that top predators progressively exert more top-down pressure the more abundant they become towards the core of their ranges, such that mesopredators disappear when deaths (induced by top predator competition or killing) exceed births.
"I think, this top-down pressure will force countries to think they can't always retreat to their old school lines," said Liz Gallagher.
Then, under increasing top-down pressure from the Clinton administration, Fannie Mae expanded its mortgage loans to those of low and moderate income, while financial institutions vigorously pressed from the bottom up for more loans to subprime borrowers.
"This is why we have concerns about the top-down pressure from government that could lead to the 'schoolification' of early years as a result of developmentally inappropriate practice such as having young children sit in rows and hold pencils".
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