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Churchland attacks the theoretical neutrality of observation on the grounds that (a) the abundant top-down pathways in the brain suggest the cognitive penetration of perception and (b) perceptual learning can change in the wiring of the perceptual systems.
Similar to VS-SAIM, the ST-model uses competitive processes controlled by bottom-up and top-down pathways to guide the mapping process.
Ascending, stimulus driven (bottom-up) and descending, context driven (top-down) pathways combine in an iterative manner to produce an accurate visual experience of our surroundings.
But when you actually pay attention to something you're listening to, whether it is your favorite song or the cat meowing at dinnertime, a separate "top-down" pathway comes into play.
These partial derivative construct the top-down pathway.
There we set q = 1 in the top-down pathway and eliminated this factor.
This top-down pathway is a direct outcome of the energy minimization procedure employed in VS-SAIM (see " Appendix" for details).
This is done via the top-down pathway from the knowledge network to the selection network mediated via the matching network.
It reflects the necessity that the matching in the bottom-up pathway needs to be consistent with the matching in the top-down pathway to ensure an overall consistent behaviour.
Regions subserving top-down pathway control may show BOLD signals consistent with a read-out as to whether a participant was directing attention to lexical or phonological processing in the context of a particular task and stimulus.
Crucial for achieving this objective are three mechanisms: competitive interactions for selection and identification of items; similarity-based matching in the bottom-up and top-down pathway to direct the selection process and identify the selected item; and an interaction between top-down and bottom-up pathways to ensure consistency between both levels.
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