Harvard's administration was strictly "top down".
Top, down, starting with hair.
The surface modification is also specific for a particular enzyme, and thus the binding and activity enhancement can be patterned, opening the door for the development of multi-enzyme systems that are organized using a top-down patterning of surface modification combined with self-assembly of enzymatic systems on those surfaces.
Layered precursor IPC-1P obtained by 'top-down' modification of UTL germanosilicate was intercalated with different organic agents followed by stabilization and pillaring.
Proteomics using both conventional "bottom-up" and newer cutting-edge "top-down" MS approaches to detect labile posttranslational modifications that are often lost in conventional MS/MS experiments will allow further clarification of the resulting phenotype.
The community ecology approach is useful for coinfection studies because pathogens interact by competing for resources (bottom-up strategies) or through modifications in the host immune system (top-down strategies) [ 3].
Our results have supplied a new top-down method about how to analyze the mutation or even post-translational modification of proteins in MALDI mass spectrometry.
As top-down mass spectrometry, which often identifies intact proteins with post-translational modifications, becomes available in many laboratories, the estimation of statistical significance of top-down protein identification results has come into great demand.
Current methods are derived from chemical modification, and functionalized GO and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) within the top-down category are achieved through chemical exfoliation (Novoselov et al. 2012; Dreyer et al. 2010).
However, the top-down scaling-up approach used for the FSSHIP created opportunities for states to either consider modification of the design to suite local interests or to sideline deliberations on adoption, thereby threatening the intentions of the policy advocates.
3b Herein we present a new, direct approach for the characterization of unknown, modified RNA by top-down mass spectrometry (MS) that immediately reveals the types and sites of all mass-altering modifications without the need for labeling reactions.
