Matches between bottom-up adaptively filtered input patterns and learned top-down expectations cause gamma oscillations that support attention, resonance, learning, and consciousness.
Memories in Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) networks are based on matched patterns that focus attention on those portions of bottom-up inputs that match active top-down expectations.
It reviews Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, models that use excitatory matching and match-based learning to achieve fast category learning and whose learned memories are dynamically stabilized by top-down expectations, attentional focusing, and memory search.
It seems that the SSI is subject to some rather specific socio-affective top-down expectations.
The hippocampal scene model, for instance, could reciprocally provide top-down expectations or priors onto early visual cortex (Chadwick et al. 2013).
Sounds could have induced crossmodal top-down expectations or mental imagery, which can be conceptualized as one form of nonretinal input to early visual cortex.
According to this theory, the match between bottom-up adaptively filtered input patterns and learned top-down expectations causes gamma oscillations, whereas a mismatch between bottom-up and top-down signal patterns prevents the development of such a synchronous state.
Hence, it follows that in the case of the initiation condition there is a matching between bottom-up filtered input patterns and top-down expectations that leads to the observed increase in P50 activation.
The latency of P300 was in turn modulated by top-down expectations; the P3 latency was shorter in the attend-to-tones condition compared with the attend-to-sequences condition.
Future studies could also explore the functional connectivity between key structures involved in affective touch, such as the posterior insular cortex [ 11, 13, 23, 24, 31] and areas that have been shown to modulate the perception of affective touch based on top-down expectations, namely the orbitofrontal cortex [ 31 34] and the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex [ 34].
