Consumer control, and the subsequent byproducts of the presence of predators (collectively termed "top down effects"), has been posited to exert a regulating effect on ecosystem structure and function [12] [17].
In addition "top down" effects of grazing have been examined using an HPLC-based technique.
In spite of representing a small number of the total species in both groups, top down effects from raptors and predatory mammals have the potential to determine prey diversity.
Psychologists have found that wearing a sad or happy face can have a top-down effect on how a person feels: Smile and you may feel fleetingly happier.
In other words, it's not clear that phoneme restoration is a top-down effect.
The lack of a top-down effect on eye movements despite large comprehension differences was termed the "Tyranny of Film".
Inclusion of two-way feedback affects the seasonal dynamics of plankton groups and usually reduces the amplitude of variation in abundance (top-down effect).
Based upon their review of gray wolf and dingo studies, they conclude "that evidence for the ecological roles" (i.e., top-down effect) of these species is "equivocal".
Bellelli G, Buccino G, Bernardini B, Padovani A, Trabucchi M. Action observation treatment improves recovery of postsurgical orthopedic patients: evidence for a top-down effect?
Any top-down effect measured can be due to an influence on front-end visual processing but equally likely be due to back-end memory.
The next time she sees him, he does look angry to her as a result of a top-down effect from her belief.
