There is a contradiction here: if free schools are supposed to be about bottom-up initiatives by committed individuals, they are subjected to a top-down demand that the building work is done by large and unresponsive corporate organisations.
The top-down demands and bottom-up responses are incongruent, indicating a sub-optimal system involving stated demands exceeding perceived capacity.
Top down, pushing buttons".
Top, down, starting with hair.
Becoming top-down business-demand focused requires a more nimble infrastructure design and a radically different management model.
However, prior studies from our laboratory have found that processing of unattended auditory deviant tones in the auditory and frontal regions is modulated by top-down attentional demands and resource availability.
Hegarty et al. (2010) demonstrated that, in a map-based task, top-down task demands influenced where participants looked on the page, and then salience influenced what information they attended to in the region of interest.
It may be explained, however, by certain properties of the studies many of which involved passive tasks (passive listening or reading), and hence, this may have minimized the top-down processing demands since participants were not required to make a decision about the item.
Primary communication across the organizational levels is illustrated by arrows, in which the top-down communication of demands is the strongest (demonstrated by bold arrows).
Based on observations of recent developments in Kyrgyzstan, this article shows that top-down introduced regulations that demand local communities be comprehensively responsible for the management of natural resources have not necessarily lead to the desired results and practices on the ground.
