The data presented here, along with previous work [6], indicates a substantial "top down" component of control over higher order structure formation that involves positioning within or molding of the SDV by the cytoskeleton.
The hierarchical and top-down components of these organizations also allow for a more streamlined management of strategic operations and production.
That is, top-down components tending to decrease the perceptual judgment were more prominent with shorter and weaker motion stimuli, when less external information is available.
The general top-down components consist of four independent distributions on various topological constraints: nucleus size, number of nuclei, individual fluorescence, and spatial interaction.
Although the bottom-up components deal with information from the observed and transformed images, the top-down components deal with information pertaining to the development of the embryo and is obtained from previously semiautomated methods for tracing the C. elegans lineage (Bao et al. 2006).
This top-down component, however, is largely underspecified in EST.
Experimental results show that the proposed approach works well for several combinations of feature extraction techniques and clustering algorithms, suggesting a promising avenue for future improvements, such as the addition of a top-down component and the inclusion of a relevance feedback mechanism.
(In practice most versions of information processing theory make some appeal to a top-down as well as a bottom-up flow of information, but the latter is always seen as primary, with the top-down component merely modulating the bottom-up flow.
With respect to a framework in which attention is both influenced by bottom-up salience and top-down relevance, the current paradigm clearly emphasizes the top-down component by using central instructional cues rather than peripheral salient stimuli to trigger the saccade [6], [8].
In other words, the top-down component can override the automatic components of reward-driven perceptual learning.
From a translational approach, it is recommended that acupuncture should be studied "top down" in real-world, multi-component "whole-system" trials, as well as "bottom up" in mechanistic studies that focus on causal pathways and on understanding how individual treatment components work and interact [ 17].
