Weaker forms require compatibility with the microlaws (for a brief survey and discussion see Robinson 2005; on downward causation without top-down causes, see Craver and Bechtel 2007, Bishop 2012).
But that argument is disputed by criminologists and civil liberties groups who point instead to a top-down cause of militarized policing: billions of dollars of taxpayers' money that has been spent since 9/11 acquiring tactical equipment for police departments by the federal government.
Amir Raz of McGill University, himself a neighborhood magician in his youth, explained that suggestive "expectation effects" produced by "top down" (or conscious) processes can cause us to think something is happening when it isn't.
According to this theory, the match between bottom-up adaptively filtered input patterns and learned top-down expectations causes gamma oscillations, whereas a mismatch between bottom-up and top-down signal patterns prevents the development of such a synchronous state.
The contribution of this component implies that blacks and whites differ in the age pattern of mortality from each cause of death (top down approach).
Harvard's administration was strictly "top down".
Top down, pushing buttons".
Top, down, starting with hair.
Matches between bottom-up adaptively filtered input patterns and learned top-down expectations cause gamma oscillations that support attention, resonance, learning, and consciousness.
Ecological feedback caused by organisms (e.g., beavers, plants that manage hydrology, ecosystem engineers, top-down control), pulses caused by events such as fire and floods, and emergent ecosystem properties caused by human wastes, recycling, and hydrologic modification are difficult if not impossible to be properly studied in small-scale experiments.
