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Another authority, or top-down actor, is the municipality.
Harvard's administration was strictly "top down".
Top Down, Bottom UP.
Top down, pushing buttons".
Top, down, starting with hair.
The top-down approach emphasizes central actors like the national government and bureaucrats as policymakers who focus on a central implementation strategy.
The administration was top-down and did not consider social actors.
Governance: serves as an umbrella concept including different forms (hierarchy, market, network, and professional self-governance), different sets of managerial and professional modes of governing, and institutions and actors: ● Hierarchy: top-down exercised on levels of state and/or hospitals.
These actions can be either top-down, i.e. facilitated by actors in higher policy and decision-making fora, but equally - and potentially more important - they can be bottom-up, that is promoted and enforced by the health workforce, for instance by means of addressing the problem via professional, scientific and/or societal action.
Lack of a preventive disease management culture, limited recognition of interdependencies among activities of actors, power inequalities, and top-down and linear approaches in information and knowledge sharing are identified as key structural problems that are underrated by the actors.
Traditional research strategies and approaches were seen as top-down, non-participative and controlled by external actors.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com