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Following Marx's definition, in the Chinese context, the working class is comprised of "people who, by their physical strength and skills, directly or indirectly operate the tools of production to produce physical products, provide labor service or assistance to such production or service, and are supervised by managers" (Lu 2002 127).
Capital spending generates jobs and income as these tools of production are made and used.
"The democratized tools of production are leading to a huge increase in the number of producers.
So they cut way back on spending for the tools of production -- computers, machinery, factories, trucks, office space.
The result was "the shift of the tools of production to the people formerly known as the audience," he says.
He says the poor will improve their own health as they become richer, and he sees cellphones as tools of production, not consumption.
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"The hand-held hoe should no longer be a tool of production, it is an embarrassment that it still is," she says.
Digitization has steadily brought down the cost of the software and tools of multimedia production — audio, video and interactive motion graphics.
The tools of factory production, from electronics assembly to 3-D printing, are now available to individuals, in batches as small as a single unit.
"The tools of factory production, from electronics assembly to 3D printing, are now available to individuals, in batches as small as a single unit," writes Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired magazine.It is easy to laugh at the idea that hobbyists with 3D printers will change the world.
And have you noticed that as these tools of cultural production have become democratized, their skills have, too?
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