The most consistent clinical signs of VIP are dysphagia and sialorrhea due to tongue, pharyngeal and oesophageal dysfunction, and masticatory muscle atrophy.
This is in line with previous studies which have suggested HNC patients to be at a greater risk of aspiration pneumonia on account of the severe dysfunction of the tongue, larynx, and pharyngeal muscles following RT [ 2- 5, 15].
Previous studies have reported HNC patients to be at a greater risk of aspiration pneumonia on account of the severe dysfunction of the tongue, larynx, and pharyngeal muscles following RT [ 2- 5], with 33-81% of HNC patients having been reported to suffer aspiration pneumonia during RT therapy [ 3, 5- 10].
Every muscular dysfunction, whether incorrect lingual posture (e.g. low tongue position, tongue thrusting, abnormal swallowing patterns) or perioral muscle contraction, can generate abnormal dentoalveolar changes[26 31].
Obstruction of the upper airways forces the patient to breathe through the mouth, and in addition to OSAS, these factors cause oral dysfunction, such as lip incompetence, low position of the tongue in the floor of the mouth, tongue thrust, and may lead to unbalanced muscle and function [32] disturbances in swallowing, mastication, speech [34], and stability of occlusion [35].
Conclusion: In Pierre Robin sequence, sucking-swallowing electromyography and esophageal manometry reveal dysfunction in the motor organization of the tongue, the pharynx, and the esophagus.
After using a Tongue Display Unit to address pathologies such as balance dysfunction [5], [6], our laboratory is currently addressing the pathologies encountered by paraplegic and quadriplegic patients.
They use applied kinesiology (AK), or basic muscle testing, for evaluating "areas of dysfunction" – if they think you're lactose intolerant, they pop lactose on your tongue and measure your muscle reaction.
In other words, a high degree of tongue moisture may reflect an abnormality in the water metabolism in the body, which may signify some type of dysfunction in the internal organs.
That announcement prompted a chastising from the International Olympic Committee for failing to properly consult it and a tongue-lashing from Ebersol, perhaps the I.O.C.'s best friend, who saw it as a sign of organizational dysfunction.
