When the model is tested with stimuli that consist of a sum of two tones, the subthreshold response is well described by a linear combination of the responses to the component tones (Figure 8B,D,F).
The spiking response to the two-tone stimulus, in contrast, is not well described by a linear combination of the responses to the component tones (Figure 8A,C,E).
Should these universal aesthetic Ideas be organized in a general aesthetics, they could then be applied in different material spheres, e.g., of color, tone, figure, but also, crucially, of relations of the will.
As a consequence, a reduction in cardiac output leads to an increase in the ratio of the pressure drop across the pulmonary circulation (PAP-LAP) to flow, even though there is no change in vasomotor tone (Figure 1B).
Gabby, the history-making Olympic gold medalist, showed off her fabulously toned figure in an asymmetrical Pamella Roland gown.
We examined two behavioral traits in CD-1 mice: locomotor activity and conditioned freezing to tone (Figure 5).
In contrast, simultaneously recorded VTA non-DA neurons (units 3 and 4) showed no significant responsiveness immediately after onset of the conditioned tone (Figure 6A).
In addition, it was noted that the vast majority (89%; 56/63) of the classified dopamine neurons tested showed significant activation in response to the reward predicting tone (Figure 2E and F).
In the Reverse experiment, the standards were looming visual signals and/or upward auditory FM sweeps, whereas the target was a steady visual disc and/or an auditory pure tone (Figure 1, bottom row).
Out of the fear-suppressed dopamine neurons (type-1 and type-2) that we examined for their responsiveness to the reward signals, 96% of them (44/46) showed significant activation by the rewarding tone (Figure 2E) (P<0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
The conditioning obtained in this experiment was specific to context since no increase in freezing was observed after the exposure of animals to a neutral context (Figures 5C & 5D, Base vs Pre-tone: t12 = 0.04, p>0.96) or to the auditory-cue which was present during conditioning but was not associated with shock occurrence (unpaired tone, Figure 5D, Pre-tone vs Tone: t12 = −0.32, p>0.75).
