These findings are partly in accordance with the hypothesis that salt tolerance mechanisms are largely conserved in halophytes and glycophytes, and that the large variations in their tolerance arise from subtle differences in the regulation of the same basic set of genes.
Mucosal vaccines could be especially interesting for food allergens in order to add specific mechanisms of tolerance arising in the intestinal mucosa to the reorientation towards a Th1 and TREG response.
The oxygen tolerance arises from neither modification of the [Ni Fe] active site nor limited access to O2. Crystal structures of the proteins have revealed a novel Fe S cluster proximal to the Ni Fe center.
Yale-NUS claims, with complete sincerity, it will try to "reinvent liberal education from the ground up.... for the world" with a Common Curriculum fostering "shared belonging... in a community" that will "instill habits of critical judgment and forbearing tolerance that arise from seeing peers struggle with problems one knows well oneself".
However, it is also clear that drug tolerance can arise as a consequence of mechanisms other than dormancy (40 – 40).
The concept that hyperglycemia (even within the normal range of glucose tolerance) may arise from an intrinsic β-cell defect in the presence of increased insulin resistance has been reinforced in recent years by a number of studies in both obese youngsters (11, 12) and adults (3, 13).
Tolerance may arise as a result of reduced metabolic activity, lack of growth, and even dormancy of cells (3, 35, 36), and the term persister cells has been applied to dormant drug-resistant cells exhibiting a reduction in protein and ATP synthesis (3, 37 – 37).
Broad physiological tolerance might arise from the selection for enzymes that could function over broad conditions (O'Loughlin et al. 2006) or increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) and other chaperones that could buffer against physiological stress and developmental decanalization (Feder and Krebs 1998; Rutherford and Lindquist 1998; Bettencourt and Feder 2001; Ketola et al. 2004).
This suggests that either the capacity for thermal tolerance has arisen independently several times in evolution, that thermal-tolerant species represent a set of fungi that retains an ancestral trait selected for in a distant past when the Earth was much warmer, or both.
Aside from incomplete understanding of immune tolerance, discrepancies arising from a continuum of 'autoimmune' reactions – ranging from normal physiological and inflammatory processes to uncontrolled disease – have destabilized the self/non-self dichotomy.
