In this regard, the understanding of plant molecular mechanisms underlying biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, the characterization of hormone mediated signaling pathways, and the molecular interaction and crosstalk among pathways will improve our knowledge in plant stress biology.
Bulging factor expressions developed and available in the literature so far, are useful for damage tolerance design and characterization of internally pressurized cracked isotropic shell structures.
Consequently, simple formulas have been developed and are presented as possibly viable means for tolerance design and characterization of cracked laminated composite shell structures under internal pressure.
Their corresponding equivalent bulging factors are determined and presented to demonstrate the simplicity of use and their potential in damage tolerance design and characterization of internally pressurized cracked laminated composite shell structures.
An approach based on the transverse or out-of-plane nonlinear dynamic responses at the centers of edges of cracks is being proposed as a viable alternative to bulging factors for damage tolerance design and characterization of cracked cylindrical shell structures under applied internal pressure.
To ultimately demonstrate a functional role of a gene in drought tolerance a functional characterization by analysis of loss-of-function mutants or overexpressing lines has to be performed.
The recent isolation and characterization of salt tolerance genes encoding signaling components from halophytes, which naturally grow in high salinity, has provided tools for the development of transgenic crop plants with improved salt tolerance and economically beneficial traits.
A comparison of previous results of cold tolerance gene mapping or functional characterization indicated that 11 associated loci were co-localized with the known, mapped QTLs or characterized genes (Additional file 3: Table S3).
Panels with different pin deposition patterns were compared with panels without pins in terms of impact energy dissipation and damage characterization, and damage tolerance by means of compression and buckling tests after impact.
