Notwithstanding, alternative methods of mucosal delivery, particularly sublingual, have proven effective in humans to induce tolerance to alleviate allergies to dust mites and grass pollens [32] [34].
The field of vaccination is now rapidly expanding to encompass a new class of vaccines (i.e., the tolerogenic vaccines) that induce immunological tolerance to alleviate the inflammatory autoimmune diseases as well as other inflammatory diseases of metabolism, neurodegeneration, allergic hypersensitivity, and transplantation rejection.
Calcium has been associated with increased tolerance to stress by alleviating the damage caused by ROS to cell membranes in tomato plants exposed to salinity (Tuna et al. 2007).
Host plant genotypes may show various levels, mechanisms and combinations of resistance and tolerance to Striga species, where resistance (antonym: susceptibility) reduces the Striga infection levels and tolerance (antonym: sensitivity) alleviates the effects of infection (e.g. Yoder and Scholes, 2010; Rodenburg and Bastiaans, 2011).
It should, however, be possible to achieve robust transgenic geminivirus resistance either by using mixtures of genes targeting multiple virus processes via multiple mechanisms, or by using "tolerance" genes that alleviate symptoms but do not selectively favour resistance-breaking virus mutants.
Our result suggests that AcrB plays a role in n-butanol tolerance as well, possibly by alleviating the cytoplasmic concentration of solvent.
Finally, high SOD and CAT activities may enable plants grown at elevated temperatures to exhibit relatively high tolerance to temperature stress, thus alleviating the harmful effects of superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide.
For instance, ROS scavenging enzymes, including peroxiredoxin, peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase, have been verified to be responsible for alleviating oxidative damage and enhancing plant stress tolerance [ 48– 51].
Some of these studies have also explored strategies by which injury could be either prevented or alleviated and tolerance enhanced [1].
Overexpression of some of these genes in transgenic plants has resulted in modest improvement of Al tolerance, suggesting that they alleviate part of the toxicity caused by Al [ 23- 27].
