Sentence examples for tokogenetic from inspiring English sources

Tokogenetic signals are captured and displayed using a network type of graph, which allows reticulations that represent the patterns of similarities produced by tokogenetic events.

Using the pairing of NJ with NN allows direct comparison of the reconstructed phylogenetic signal and the reconstructed combination of phylogenetic and tokogenetic signals.

The neighbornet (NN) method (Bryant and Moulton 2004) is based on a mathematical algorithm similar to NJ, but seeks to capture both the phylogenetic and tokogenetic signals in a network.

In addition to the phylogenetic signal there may be one or more tokogenetic signals that are patterns that result from lateral transfer of character states through borrowing, admixture, or similar processes (Doyle 1997).

Prentiss et al. demonstrate that while the history of skateboard manufacture is rife with homoplasy (e.g., lateral transfer through borrowing) and possibly also tokogenetic processes (independent invention and character reversals), there is an underlying branching structure to the phylogenetic trees.

It is important to distinguish tokogenetic processes from homoplasy, which consists of convergence (independent evolution or invention) and reversal (evolution of a character state followed by its reversion to a previous state).

While some consider the use of tree-based assignment approaches controversial [ 23], we consider it justified for supraspecific taxa sharing phylogenetic as opposed to tokogenetic affinities.

Evolutionary analyses may include to study tokogenetic relationships within a species, or to study sampled individuals as representatives of species in a phylogenetic context.

Although we do not believe that there is a single particular amount of differentiation that determines a cutoff for recognizing a species-level distinction, we do expect populations within species to lack strong hierarchical structure due to tokogenetic processes [ 87].