Now, given that propositions de jure are sharable objects of attitudes, it is antecedently unlikely that they should turn out to be, say, token utterances.
Note that, on such a theory, token utterances of "cow" vary with respect to the individual to which they refer, but every token utterance nevertheless shares a common semantic property, viz.
When we evaluate a single token utterance of "There will be a sea battle tomorrow" produced on (say) Monday, this counts as neither true nor false when the context of assessment is the context in which the utterance is being made (as multiple possible histories are open at this point).
The alternative is to take concrete token sentences (utterances or written inscriptions) as the objects that play the roles normally associated with propositions.
PCC and PVC were calculated separately for each participant (1) for the first production of each token (total of 64 utterances: 4 tokens × 1 production × 16 participants) and (2) across all productions of each token (total of 960 utterances: 4 tokens × 15 productions × 16 participants).
His studies include: Indexicals and Demonstratives, Fodor and Lepore on Holism, and Predelli's Threatening Note: Contexts, Utterances and Tokens in the Philosophy of Language.
Other theorists speak of utterances or tokens varying in reference or content, without any relativization to context or speech act.
There is an extensive philosophical discussion on the category of objects to which truth applies: propositions conceived as objects that are independent of any language, types and tokens of sentences and utterances, thoughts, and many other objects have been proposed.
Table 2 The amount of texts in Thai large vocabulary speech corpora Corpus Text style Number Number of Vocabulary of utterances word tokens size LOTUS Written 4887 90,336 5112 LOTUS-CELL Spoken 55,457 284,49595595 LOTUS-SOC Spoken/Written 78,264 1,601,230 13,739 VoiceTra4U-M Spoken 9899 30,876 2141.
It has, then, the ontological status of actions: each utterance is a unique historical event; it is a token, not a type; an utterance made by one speaker cannot be made by another one; an utterance made here and now cannot be made there later.
This stipulation rules out certain candidates for propositions, including thought- and utterance-tokens, which presumably are not sharable, and concrete events or facts, which presumably cannot be false.
