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In the explanation of a token phenomenon, the explanation should include lower level factors only to the extent that they are explanatorily relevant for that particular explanandum.
Is it a type of higher level phenomenon (described by higher level predicates) or merely a token phenomenon (an instance of a higher level phenomenon)?
The Mendelian principle of segregation, for instance, is a law describing a phenomenon occurring in all sexually reproducing organisms, not just a token phenomenon, so this general principle covering various lower level realizations would have to be explained/deduced molecularly.
Schaffner's reply to the multiple realization objection (1993, 463 6) holds that the same DNA sequence can be present in many individuals, so it is not just a token phenomenon that is studied by molecular biology; molecular generalizations apply to restricted types.
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Critics of reductionism do not argue that each higher level type corresponds to several lower level tokens (which is trivially true) or that molecular biology can study token phenomena only.
The focus on token phenomena or individual organisms fails to address an important epistemological feature of scientific knowledge: some scientific explanations pertain to a single organism only, but (in general) explanations cover types of phenomena.
The distinction between types and tokens of mental phenomena may afford a way for the reductive physicalist to concede a point to the traditional dualist without giving up anything important.
The metric that we used to measure this phenomenon is type-token ratio [22].
Firstly, by pointing out the great differences in the scores awarded by different examiners to the same essays, it sensitizes different stakeholders to the gravity of the situation and by the same token urges for more research into the phenomenon.
Accordingly, many materialist philosophers have retreated to a "token-identity" theory, according to which every mental phenomenon is identical to some physical phenomenon.
Ely attributes this phenomenon in part to the stress of being a token.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com