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In particular, it seems to us to be very unwise to use a summary odds ratio to calculate an NNT value (even if the associated CER is quoted) since the NNT is, by definition, dependent on the assumption of a fixed underlying control event rate, whilst the odds ratio, also by definition, is not.
There is evidence that the three judges in the case agreed to use a summary order rather than a full decision in an effort to find common ground.
We planned to perform meta-analyses of dichotomous data, and to use a summary risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals to present the results and to pool continuous data using the mean, or standardised mean, difference with 95% confidence intervals.
Therefore, it is important to measure and report a wide range of outcomes, and/or to use a summary measure of overall health that could capture the full range such as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs).
If the assessment seeks to make direct comparisons with disease burdens attributable to other risk factors (as was the case in the global assessment), then it is usually necessary to use a summary measure of population health such as the DALY (Murray 1994) to combine effects of both mortality and morbidity from the various health impacts.
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In principle, it may not be possible to verify all assumptions and so it may be considered to use a pure data summary as an alternative to a model-based analysis.
As recommended by the designers of the QUADAS tool we did not apply weights to the QUADAS items or use a summary score in the analysis.
We conducted analyses based upon individual compounds, but we also attempted to account for exposure to multiple pollutants by using a summary MGC variable.
This led us to undertake a simple analysis, using a summary measure of QoL based on the average scores.
Each of the four methods described above can be used to analyze such trials by using a summary statistic such as a mean or an "area-under-curve" [ 4].
When subjects were too sick to answer the complete questionnaire interviewers used a summary version of the questionnaire, either for in-person interviews or to interview a next-of-kin.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com