The country's estimate that such waste piles produced roughly 30% of its coal was "highly unrealistic" and probably led to substantial over-crediting, the report says.
Limiting the value of the χ2 criterion to 0.5 leads to substantial over-fitting.
The reported incidence of DF is subject to substantial over- and underreporting, which may vary by geographic region and time.
What is clear is that screening from age 20 years leads to substantial over-treatment and has at most a modest impact on cervical cancer prevented.
Furthermore, evidence is mounting that current mammography screening may lead to substantial over-diagnosis [ 167] and picks-up tumors with favorable prognosis [ 168].
The correspondingly low positive predictive values of syndromic algorithms indicate that the use of the algorithms leads to substantial over-diagnosis, overtreatment with antibiotics, and an increase in the average cost per true case treated [ 17].
Results highlight that the literature formulations can lead to a substantial over- or underestimation of the ARF estimated from observed data.
It is unlikely, therefore, that differential dependence between the users of different treatments has led to a substantial over- or underestimation of the relative effectiveness of e-cigarettes in the current study.
The report calls for a strategy to protect and promote Aboriginal languages, asks the government to address the substantial over-representation of aboriginal people in Canadian prisons, and to issue a new royal proclamation to, amongst other things, "repudiate concepts used to justify European sovereignty over Indigenous lands".
Our findings suggested that close attention should be given to inspecting for differential misclassification of confounders, because their validity may be subject to substantial variation over hospitals, over time and over different geographical areas.
Their validity may be subject to substantial heterogeneity over hospitals, over time and geographical areas.
