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One motivation for axiomatizing a theory, not the one for the case now under discussion, is to express the theory in a completely rigorous form in order to standardize the expression of the theory as a mature conceptual edifice.
A reference gene was used to standardize the expression of a given target gene; then, a ratio between treatments was calculated using the algorithm developed by Pfaffl et al. [ 63].
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Each biological sample was run in triplicate, RPL4 was used to standardize the relative expression of all genes investigated.
The expression of CgUBI is constitutive and standardizes the expression of CgZF1.
As the mRNA levels of Seβ-actin gene were nearly constant during the whole development stages (Figure 4), it was used to standardize the relative expression levels of SeTre-1 and SeTre-2 genes.[21] SeTre-1 and SeTre-2 were continuously expressed in all developmental stages.
Various cycling conditions were initially used to standardize the gene expression profile in the log phase of amplification.
XAO was created to standardize the annotation of gene expression, normal and mutant phenotypes data of Xenopus species.
In order to standardize the distribution of gene expression across all 50 classifier genes, a Z-score transformation (calculated from the training samples) was applied to the normalized data.
Data preprocessing included two normalization processes: quantile normalization [ 31] was applied to technical replicates and then Loess normalization applied to all microarrays to standardize the dynamic range of expression levels.
In order to standardize the nomenclature of bv.
The authors should standardize the expression to the same stage if they wish to draw comparisons.
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