Results indicated that although the associations were strong, removing the exposure of father's alcohol abuse and criminality as well as parents' mental problems would not decrease the cases of criminality (a total decrease of 7.9% for males and 1.8% for females) or mortality (a total decrease of 1.2% for males as well as for females) to any large extent.
Quitting smoking is essential to reduce the health hazards of smokers and to remove the risk of SHS exposure to their family members.
We have attempted to remove the effects of different exposures by using the number of events per 100 or per 1000 patient years as a standard, with annualised rates justified by the observation of constant gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk in large randomised studies [ 13, 15, 27].
This route, in association with modern microsurgical and endoscopic techniques, provides adequate exposure to remove the vast majority of lesions safely.
We first considered the effect of eliminating both the spatial interpolation of ambient levels (level 1) and removing the exposure link (level 2 of our model).
In observational studies, an alternative definition of N N E t) is the exposure effect among the unexposed, while the exposure impact number, E I N t), describes the effect of removing the exposure among the exposed [ 15- 17].
In the end, of course, the public health imperative would be to remove exposures to the stresses of war and violence [ 57].
"Individuals may have legitimate differences of opinion about the relative contribution of drinking water lead and be in total agreement about the need to remove this source of exposure," she says.
This value is extremely important because, historically, policy makers and public health officials generally have acted to remove sources of lead exposure only after the CDC's level of concern had been exceeded.
The present study suggests that, 47 premature deaths, 281 cancer related hospital admissions and 2,702 non-cancer hospital admissions could be avoided each year by removing the environmental exposure of the communities in these two areas.
