To quantify the distortion, we need to evaluate the similarity, expressed in terms of the normalized correlation coefficient,, between the TFD of the extracted watermark and that of the original watermark.
We acquired fieldmaps but did not actually apply distortion compensation to the data because we wanted to quantify the severity of distortion and signal loss in the data acquisition, without dependence on the efficacy of a particular distortion correction algorithm.
Without this additional bandwidth to quantify the out-of-band energy (distortion products), it is not possible to correct for this spectral regrowth later.
To quantify the effect of distortion on observed GWAS outcomes, we ran an extensive simulation study designed to mimic patterns of LD in European Caucasian populations.
Jaccard index (J-index), which measures the degree of overlap of two areas, was used to quantify the severity of distortion, with reference to the precontrast FLASH image acquired at the same location for DCE analysis.
The use of these parameters may help to quantify the intensity of the galvanic distortion contained in MT data and determine the need for the proper treatment of the galvanic distortion.
(8) and (9), respectively, were constructed to quantify the strength of the geometric distortion that can be described by the shear and splitting parameters.
In most of the standards, EVM is adopted to quantify the amount of in-band distortion that occurs at the transmitter side.
In this study a model of a cell decision mechanism is proposed, which captures certain observed characteristics of a cell behavior during photo-irradiation and pharmacological treatment (Type II PDT) using rate distortion theory to quantify the goals of a binary decision process (cell survival - cell death).
In order to quantify the performance of the proposed separation schemes, we utilized the SIR, source to distortion ratio (SDR) and source to artifacts ratio (SAR) criteria, proposed by Vincent et al. [60] and implemented as a Matlab toolbox [61].
