Both directional [ 22, 25] and balancing [ 55, 56] selection have been shown to operate on variation in male colour patterns in the guppy, and could therefore function to influence visual variation if a similar linkage exists in the guppy.
Periodical online model and control updating identification and optimal control enables the proposed controller to adapt to operating condition variations and system parameter uncertainties.
The molecular size of the gene is suitable to operate and the sequence variation adapts to evolutionary distance.
The advantages include conducting work where the best expertise exists, at the lowest possible cost; exploiting time zone variation to operate 24/7; and mitigating risks by building redundancies across locations.
Evolution is slow or non-existent unless there is competition, unless the cycle of struggle for life, selection, improvement, and profligate variation is allowed to operate.
In order for a population to adapt to a novel environment as discussed in the previous section, selection needs variation on which to operate.
With minor variations, the system continues to operate.
Male secondary sexual traits and female mate choice traits must contain heritable variation for sexual selection to operate.
Since the contribution of labour cost to operating cost is very small, the variation in all trends of operating cost, revenue and net present value is marginal.
The method is shown through analytical and numerical analysis to be insensitive to typical operating parameter variations and to variations in wave excitation force.
Slight variation to net revenue percent increases and decreases was experienced (average variation of 1%) due to operating costs, also being subtracted from gross revenue, remaining constant.
