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The copy number of MECP2 was normalized to that of FOXP2 to normalize for differences in DNA input.
We further note that it is possible to normalize for differences between sources using quantile normalization (Bolstad et al., 2003).
This mean prevalence was chosen for Munich to normalize for differences according to location (southern vs. western Germany) and city size (large vs. small).
Since the number of spike-in molecules is theoretically the same across all single-cell libraries, they can be used to calculate scaling factors to normalize for differences in RNA concentration between individual cells.
Beta-2-microglobulin was used to normalize for differences in input cDNA.
The ratio of firefly luciferase activity to CMV-driven renilla luciferase activity was used to normalize for differences in transfection efficiency among samples.
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The β-actin gene Arz_9569_T1 of A. resinae ZN1 was served as an internal control to normalize for difference in total RNA quantity.
Each IP signal was quantified based on an input standard curve dilution series of the pre-immunoprecipitated genomic DNA (IP/Input) to normalize for the differences of total amount of cells subjected for ChIP and for the different amplification efficiencies of various primer sets.
In VTLN, we need to perform warping on the spectrum twice, to accommodate perceptual considerations and to normalize for speaker differences.
The spot intensities of the control wells were plotted against the antibody concentration (Ablinear, rabbit) or antiserum dilution (Abcyclic, mouse), and values that fell within the linear regions of the curves were used to normalize for slight differences in the number of bacteria in each spot.
We computed the abundance of gene expression using Htseq-count 0.5.3p3 and used DESeq 1.14.0 [ 44] to normalize for the differences in library size.
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