Similar to metformin, the extract improved cellular sensitivity towards insulin by activating the insulin transduction pathway and consequently, the regulation of glucose absorption and metabolism in peripheral tissues [ 29, 30].
Compared to control experiments, the addition of up to 5 g/L yeast extract improved the xylose consumption by about 2 g/L and showed up to 2 g/L higher ethanol production.
According to El-Nabarawy (2014), the olive leaves water extract improved the oxidative and DNA damage in both embryos and placentas of the diabetic mothers.
Aqueous extract improved spermatogenesis, which may be due to increased interstitial cell stimulating hormone and testosterone-like effects as well as the induction of nitric oxide synthase [ 109].
The addition of agave leaves to the culture medium and the use of higher concentrations of lindane, copper, and yeast extract improved the efficiency of the biodegradation process.
In DPPH assay, the antioxidant activity of AgNPs and plant extract improved as the concentration of samples used for assay was increased from 20 to 100 µg/mL (Fig. 9).
The polysaccharide extract improved IRF-3 expression which promoted the level of IFN-α.
Moreover, the EV extract improved the energy absorption and stiffness of the mid-shaft of the rat femur.
Pharmacologically, the extract improved the lipid profile by decreasing the levels of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and increasing HDL cholesterol.
In soybean-cowpea aphid interaction, inoculation the aphid-infested leaves with N. calcicola HN9 extract improved activity of SOD and CAT (Figs. 7, 8).
