Microarray analyses revealed that PC-E failed to downregulate the expression of many PC-downregulated genes classified in angiogenesis and inflammatory response.
Lentiviral vectors (pGIPZ) expressing shRNAs against ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies) were used to downregulate the expression of these genes.
Moreover, artificially designed antisense RNAs have become powerful tools to downregulate the expression of targeted genes.
Two shRNAs targeting different sites of eIF4E2 were constructed and confirmed for their ability to downregulate the expression of endogenous eIF4E2 (Fig. 3B).
Tummala attempted to downregulate the expression of ctfAB, but observed high organic acid accumulation in broth with low solvent production [37].
The Nsp2-targeted siRNA was found to downregulate the expression of Nsp2 in MARC-145 cells and inducing replication reduce of PRRSV in MARC-145 cells.
The use of RNAi technologies to downregulate the expression of harmful genes has the potential to improve the outcome of islet transplantation.
Sirolimus has also been shown to downregulate the expression of many genes related to inflammation such as interleukin-8, endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II, granulocyte chemotactic protein 2, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase [20 23].
Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) have been shown to downregulate the expression of eNOS (diminishing the dilatory response) in human aortic endothelial cells [34].
To meet this objective, 8 lactating Assaf ewes were divided in 2 groups and offered a total mixed ration without supplementation (control) or supplemented with 2.4% dry matter of fish oil, which was known not only to elicit milk fat depression but also to downregulate the expression of some candidate genes involved in mammary lipogenesis.
On the contrary, PKA was reported to downregulate the expression of cyclin D3 and up regulate p27kip1, which block cell growth [61], [62].
