This suggests that TGF-β is able to directly induce NFATc1 and also enhance RANKL-induced NFATc1 expression during the time-period when it enables and augments osteoclast differentiation.
In contrast, interleukin-6 (IL-6) has the capacity to directly induce erythroid maturation.
These results possibly allow glutamine, which is produced by GS1 2, to directly induce the expression of OsAS1 and to be used for asparagine synthesis within these cells.
The likely implication of this result is that the miR-26b-induced translational inhibition of MYB (a known activator of KLF-1) could result in down-regulation of KLF-1, which is known to directly induce BCL11A expression.
The silk fibroin nanofibers with high β-sheet content were added into the silk fibroin solutions to modulate the self-assembly, and to directly induce water-insoluble scaffold formation after lyophilization.
Overall, our data support the notion that sunitinib and everolimus are able to directly induce cell death in renal cancer cells and simultaneously affect the expression levels of their apoptosis-related microRNAs and BCL2 family members upon this process.
In addition to the prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-1β, TGFβ has also been shown to directly induce Hes1 expression in several cell types (Ostroukhova et al., 2006), expanding the panel of Notch-activating cytokines to include the anti-inflammatory/pleiotropic family.
The study underlines how some of the assumptions about the existing paradigms seem to be not consistent with the knowledge set out in the literature: individuals' behaviours are generally neglected while proposing risk-reduction strategies (management, interventions on buildings), and these strategies are supposed to directly induce correct emergency behaviours on people.
Although diabetes is associated with VSMC accumulation in developing lesions, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are unable to directly induce VSMC proliferation or migration in vivo [1].
However, in this model, TNFα did not appear to directly induce cytolysis of RGCs, although it could be shown to activate microglia [7].
Specifically, factors such as TNFα which are known to directly induce PPARβ/δ expression are increased in the chronic inflammation accompanying metabolic syndrome [40].
