For the DKO, the authors describe cleft palate and a variety of cranio-facial defects, defects in forelimb development, and a variety of organ defects including failure to develop lung or salivary gland.
Compared with other smokers, those with C.O.P.D. are more likely to develop lung cancer as well.
"Smokers are 10 times more likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmokers, two times more likely to develop heart disease.
He added that while it is possible for pastured sheep to live for 11 or 12 years, those who live indoors, as Dolly had, are prone to develop lung infections.
If we knew that one group in society were 10 times more likely to develop lung cancer, we would focus on them - perhaps with a targeted anti-smoking strategy.
"Even children who are exposed to passive smoking are more likely to develop lung conditions such as asthma or chronic bronchitis," he added.
In contrast, animals such as rodents or dogs require much higher doses to develop lung injury (mg/kg range).
Some smokers may be more susceptible to DNA damage from tobacco smoke and thus more likely to develop lung cancer.
Singular causal claims, such as "Jill's heavy smoking during the 1990's caused her to develop lung cancer," make reference to particular individuals, places, and times.
Thus smoking is a cause of lung cancer, not because all smokers develop lung cancer, but because smokers are more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers.
Histopathological analysis revealed that treated animals were less likely to develop lung metastases than controls (11%) and had no alternate-organ metastases.
