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Nobel Prize-winning economist James Heckman of the University of Chicago says the study fails to demonstrate cause and effect and calls it "potentially very misleading".
Another is that the most widely available methods -- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potentials (a variation of electroencephalography) -- reveal only how brain activity and behavior are correlated; their ability to demonstrate cause and effect is limited.
This study does not attempt to demonstrate cause and effect.
Tightly controlled 'explanatory' clinical trials are purposefully designed and ideally placed to demonstrate cause and effect (efficacy).
Similar(56)
Although we have no data to demonstrate cause-and-effect, North Kivu had the third highest modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) in the DRC as of 2013.
This study also shares the limitation of a cross-sectional design, which makes it difficult to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.
This study also has the limitation of a cross-sectional study design, which makes it difficult to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.
Further to this, this predisposition of patients to multiple comorbidities and complications dictates the exclusion of those perhaps most likely to benefit from interventions in order to clearly demonstrate cause and effect in the purest of senses.
Alternatively, the low observed heterozygosity could be caused by significant clonal reproduction, but a larger analysis is needed to demonstrate the cause of HWE deviation.
The Fourth Amendment obliges the government to demonstrate probable cause before conducting invasive surveillance.
The F.B.I. does not need to demonstrate probable cause that a crime has been committed, or any connection to terrorism.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com