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Methods for measuring TL are described, all of which are subject to considerable measurement error.
Current clinical biomarkers used to diagnose diabetic kidney disease, urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate, are subject to considerable measurement variability [2], and are heterogeneous as to prognostic impact [3].
Even as a biomarker of disease, TL does not currently have clinical utility in a population setting; associations with disease are complex, TL alone is not sufficiently predictive of risk and is subject to considerable measurement error.
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Nonetheless, there was likely to have been considerable measurement error in measuring cognitive styles, for the maternal measure in particular; some subjects with negative cognitive styles may not have reported this in the few questions available, in which case their score on the measure would not accurately reflect their cognitive style.
The authors speculated that this might be due to a flattening of the exposure-response function at the high levels of exposure prevailing in Chinese cities, but the indirect method they used to estimate exposure to PM2.5 may have involved considerable measurement errors, which could have attenuated the risk coefficient.
From a psychometric perspective, the results of this study combined with similar findings of a strong cross-loading for the dizzy item [ 15, 27] suggest that including responses to the dizzy item in the total score of either a pleasant or unpleasant factor will add considerable measurement error to any subsequent analyses involving summary scores.
Oftentimes, the use of these chemical measures has resulted in considerable measurement error, particularly when the values are based on area monitoring versus personal exposure assessments (Van Roosbroeck et al., 2008).
The general lack of association between diet and breast cancer in epidemiological studies has to be interpreted cautiously, because diet is assessed with considerable measurement error in observational studies, and our current diet assessment instruments may not provide sufficiently valid and reliable data to detect small to moderate associations with disease.
However, the use of a nonspecific surrogate measure for exposure may have introduced considerable measurement error or confounding by correlated exposures.
The authors note that the use of a nonspecific surrogate measure for exposure may have introduced considerable measurement error or confounding by correlated exposures.
For example, Cantor points to a 2016 reanalysis of those data, which concluded that there was "considerable measurement error" in the original study and that the results obtained don't reflect anything other chance variability.
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