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Early theories on the evolutionary origin of the nervous system argued for a three-stage process: first, the development of non-nervous "independent effectors," such as muscle cells; second, the appearance of non-nervous receptors responding to certain modalities in a receptor-effector mechanism; and finally, the formation of a "protoneuron," from which primitive nerves and ganglia evolved.
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First, antennectomy can affect the normal behaviour in such a way that bugs stop responding to stimuli of certain modalities.
Therefore, people with and without these signs might respond differently to certain treatment modalities.
Despite the different modalities being complementary, there are clear applications where certain modalities are likely to be preferred.
Certain modalities of treatment have been shown to be more efficacious at one or more of these time periods.
Informant-derived data are subject to bias: caregivers may be more likely to report patients' behaviour or verbal output where these are heightened rather than attenuated, while certain modalities (such as non-painful thermal touch) are intrinsically less accessible to such reporting.
Various diagnostic methods have been used to evaluate the presence of atherosclerosis in humans; however, only certain modalities are adequate for use in asymptomatic persons.
Although in previous negotiations in 2000 and 2008-2009 both sides agreed on certain modalities that would permit only a small number (25,000-30,000) of refugees to return to Israel, the agreement failed as it was encumbered by other conflicting issues, especially Israel's national security concerns.
Rats, Rattus norvegicus, for example, perform better in an olfactory set-up than when they have to learn visually (Eichenbaum, Fagan, & Cohen, 1986), thus highlighting the importance of species-specific expertise in certain modalities.
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CAM in headache management are sparse and for certain modalities there are no RCTs published in the literature.
Preprocessing of data acquired with certain modalities, like optoelectronic and coherent, either ultrasound or microwave, may benefit from proper parametric modeling of the dependence of the signal on the noise and from accurate measurements of the noise model parameters.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com