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In terms of vaccine development, targeting epitopes that form low stability complexes with MHC molecules may provide a strategy to bypass tolerance to tumor self-antigens 25, 28.
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The question remains regarding whether TLR activation can bypass tolerance and induce autoimmunity, such that autoimmunity is a natural and recurring consequence of systemic infection.
9 It is possible that such peptides could bypass tolerance because peptides bearing C-terminal citrullines would not be produced by endogenous human PADs, such as PAD2 and PAD4.
Indeed, apoptosis may play an important role in bypassing tolerance to intracellular autoantigens.
Adoptive immunotherapy generally involves the administration of large numbers of T cells, thereby bypassing tolerance mechanisms that limit the activation and expansion of CTL.
Modification of T cells with transgenes encoding TCRs or chimeric antigen receptors allows tumor specificity to be conferred on functionally distinct T cell subsets, and incorporation of costimulatory molecules or cytokines can enable engineered T cells to bypass local and systemic tolerance mechanisms.
DNA damage tolerance mechanisms allow the replication machinery to bypass these lesions prior to repair.
Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a DNA tolerance process that allows DNA replication to bypass certain lesions (for example, thymine dimers and abasic sites) by substituting specialized translesion polymerases that function in the presence of damaged nucleotides.
By means of its downstream effectors, ubiquitylated PCNA controls several aspects of damage tolerance, defined as a mechanism that allows the replication machinery to bypass or avoid lesions in the template DNA.
To bypass lesions and complete replication, cells activate recombination-mediated (error-free) and translesion synthesis-mediated (error-prone) DNA damage tolerance pathways.
But such restrictions are easy to bypass.
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