But many researchers consider these mechanisms to be downstream processes, secondary to the work of proteins called transcription factors, which turn genes on or off.
Some friends and I are in a small speedboat, powered by an outboard motor, and we head in the direction that used to be downstream.
The feedlots where this happens can be no picnic for the cows, who have a hard time digesting corn, or for the waterways that happen to be downstream.
Genes in this cluster were supposed to be downstream genes of Fir1 controlling local proliferation.
They're looking to be downstream, close to those juicy, fast-growth markets, with new channels and new marketplaces.
A complete MAPK cascade (comprised of MEKK1, MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6) was proposed to be downstream of the flagellin receptor kinase, FLS2, in Arabidopsis.
Recently, PD-L1 was reported to be downstream of IFN signaling in human oral squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and human acute myeloid leukemia blast cells (Chen et al., 2012; Furuta et al., 2014; Kronig et al., 2014).
The validity of this hypothesis can be established by measuring allele interaction for genes known to be downstream regulated or expressed from constitutive promoters.
The regulation of Fabp7 mRNA expression has been shown to be downstream of Notch signaling [15], and dependent on Pax6 [16], [16] and POU/Pbx transcription factors [17].
Smad7 and SnoN have not been shown to be downstream P-Smad2/3 during early development; however, tissue culture assays indicated that they are direct targets [38], [39].
C. elegans EGL-43 was also demonstrated to be downstream of Notch signalling and to mediate the effect of Notch during vulva formation [20], [21].
