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Deepwater rice adapts to rising flood water by rapid internode elongation to avoid submergence.
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This was likely due to high carbohydrate consumption in fast-elongating lines to avoid complete submergence, but at the expense of yield.
Conversely, stem non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration correlated negatively with shoot elongation rate, suggesting that fast-elongating genotypes actively consume NSCs to avoid complete submergence.
Formation of aerenchyma is initiated by ethylene, which is one of many adaptive features of plants at submergence to avoid anaerobiosis by increasing the availability of oxygen.
Voesenek et al. (2006) summarized various adaptive responses in wetland plants to avoid the adverse effects of submergence, including underwater photosynthesis, aerenchyma formation and enhanced shoot elongation.
To avoid such damage, farmers traditionally cultivate flood-adopted lowlands and landraces which can withstand complete submergence or flooding for 10 days or more and can resume its growth after desubmergence [ 3].
This helps to maintain contact with air and avoid suffocation by total submergence.
We computed Cp using a Keulegan equation relating resistance to relative submergence of bed particles.
Tolerance to complete submergence is recognized in a limited number of Asian rice (Oryza sativa L). varieties, most of which contain submergence-inducible SUB1A on the polygenic SUBMERGENCE-1 (SUB1) locus.
Important traits for flash flooding are survival of the plant due to complete submergence, reduced under water elongation and greater regeneration capacity at de-submergence.
Fig. 3 Diversity in the response to partial to complete submergence in rice.
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