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The collars were sunk into the soil to 10 mm depth and anchored using small plastic tent pegs, which were attached to the collars by cable binders and sunk diagonally into the ground to avoid channelling water into the soil under the collars.
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Both adopt channel hopping to avoid channel interferences in the ISM band.
Uniform distribution of flow in the channels is an important operation attribute in order to avoid channel dryout and the subsequent hot spots and possible device failure.
Usually TOff is set to 100 ms. To avoid channel congestion, TOff is set to higher values if the relative channel load exceeds 25%.
For a noncoherent receiver, DPSK is usually used to avoid channel estimation and tracking over a time-varying fading scenario [8].
Interestingly enough, the iPhone and iPod won't require deposits — that same source revealed that the company has locked up key retail deals for them and therefore have to sell them in order to avoid "channel conflict".
The goal of the optimal channel selection is therefore to avoid channel congestion (i.e. a low rate state) by aiming to always select the channel(s) with the least load/activity and also the lowest latency.
Dynamic spectrum access techniques using cognitive radios face several challenges to offer spectrum sensing, learning, decision and monitoring capabilities, as well as the cognitive channel access mechanisms to avoid channel access conflicts between themselves and with the primary spectrum users.
In order to avoid channel capture, the station also waits for a random backoff time between two consecutive packet transmissions, even though the channel is sensed as idle for a DIFS interval.
We make use of the cognitive radio idea in the crowded ISM band, adopt an adaptive channel switching mechanism in the wireless link to avoid channel interferences, and improve communication reliability.
Authors tries to avoid channel access problems such as over hearing and hidden terminal by adapting the wakeup/sleep state of each node to the actual operational conditions such as traffic demand and node density.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com