Crick suggested that, in order to understand the workings of the brain at an integrated level, neuroscientists should develop concepts and methods for studying computation at the level of neural circuits.
Therefore, in this review, we focus on the recent progress made in revealing functions of ABA signaling in an integrated level and highlight how the homeostasis of this chemical is controlled by plants in response to stresses.
They described how integration can be enhanced from harmonization to interdisciplinary integrated level by avoiding commonly committed mistakes [ 14].
We proposed an integrated-level mathematical model, incorporating the TB transmission dynamics, the Wells Riley mathematical equation, and the competing-risks model to quantify the potential spread of TB bacilli in senior care facilities.
The thin film integrated passive device (IPD) has caused intensively attention due to its high integrated level and application in System in Package (SiP).
This overlap demonstrates that in the future it will be important to use an integrated, systems-level approach to understand this complex behavior.
Although significant technological advances have been made in recent years on pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), its practical viability remains unclear as few studies have been conducted at an integrated system level to quantify the potential of net energy output.
Therefore, the assessment of the integrated biological effect of the actual chemical mixture in human blood is important and ex vivo cell systems have recently been introduced to enable the assessment of the integrated level of xenobiotic transactivity in human adipose tissue [ 20, 31, 32] or in human serum [ 33- 37].
At a more integrated level, the implication of alterations of pathways involved in immune/inflammatory activities and coagulation (see Figure 3) is consistent with the known effects of smoking on risk for inflammatory related diseases and stroke [ 1, 15].
Today's prescriptive goals for sustainable communities -- not so different from those of the last century -- require reality checks against the challenges of design, regulation and financing, and must be addressed at an integrated, practical level.
Drug disease modeling and simulation (DDM&S) creates a paradigm to enable an integrated and higher-level understanding of drugs, (diseased)systems, and their interactions (systems pharmacology) through mathematical/statistical models (pharmacometrics)—hence facilitating decision making during drug development and therapeutic usage of medicines.
