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Finally, the primary vascular tissue system usually has fibres, particularly in herbaceous plants.
The final tissue system of the primary plant body is the vascular tissue, a continuous system of conducting and supporting tissues that extends throughout the plant body.
Developmental abnormalities may affect isolated or multiple regions of the skeleton, or they may involve a specific tissue system; the latter are often hereditary.
In roots, the first cork cambium appears in the outermost layer of the vascular tissue system, called the pericycle (see below Plant organs: Roots).
The ground tissue system, the mesophyll, is divided into two regions: the palisade parenchyma, located beneath the upper epidermis and composed of columnar cells oriented perpendicular to the leaf surface, and spongy parenchyma, located in the lower part of the leaf and composed of irregularly shaped cells.
Finally, the innermost cell layer of the ground tissue system is the endodermis.
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Throughout these morphogenetic rearrangements, the serosa and amnion are distinct players, such that DC is a three-tissue system (embryo, amnion, and serosa) in most insects.
In a normal human three-dimensional skin-tissue system, Belyakov et al. (2005) saw significant increases in micronuclei formation and apoptosis in unirradiated cells up to 0.6 mm and 1.0 mm distant, respectively, from irradiated cells.
We wondered what properties a three-tissue system of DC would have in comparison to Drosophila at different levels of biological organization (cellular, tissue, and inter-tissue), and chose the beetle Tribolium castaneum as a representative model for our investigations.
Having thus characterized WT Tribolium DC, in which the withdrawal of the serosa is the dominant feature until late in the process, we then examined how this integrated, multi-tissue system is altered by absence of the serosa after Tc-zen1 RNAi.
This process has been well studied in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (e.g. Kiehart et al., 2000; Jacinto et al., 2002b; Hutson et al., 2003; Solon et al., 2009; Blanchard et al., 2010), where DC is a two-tissue system that involves the embryonic epidermis and the EE amnioserosa.
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