PPHN vessels had a decreased abundance of apoptotic markers, and in the presence of serum, greater DNA synthesis (albeit lower protein synthesis) in tissue culture indicating mural myocytes could be induced toward proliferation in the presence of the correct stimuli; however, in the absence of serum, thromboxane alone suppressed DNA synthesis in PPHN vessels.
This switch from tissue-derived to mural cell-derived VEGF could promote vessel maturation and ultimately lead to VEGF-independence.
This physiologic switch, from tissue-derived to mural cell-derived VEGF-A, occurring at the end of the vessel maturation, fosters vessel stabilization and ultimately leads to tissue-derived-VEGF independence [ 33, 34].
The cystic tumor had diffuse mural soft tissue and fine tumor vessels (Fig. 3).
Finally, cardiac aging results in decreased mechanical and contractile efficiency, stiffening of myocardial cells, mural connective tissue and valves, decreased number of myocytes, increased myocyte size, increased rate of myocyte apoptosis, and blunted-adrenoceptor-mediated contractile and inotropic response [ 19].
A soft-tissue mass or a mural thickening greater than 1.5 cm that is asymmetric and/or with homogeneous solid attenuation and focal loss of mural stratification should be promptly reported as suspicious and needing biopsy.
Alternatively, in our experience it may present as a tight stricture measuring 2 3 cm in length, without abnormal mural thickening, solid tissue or extrinsic mass (Fig. 12).
Despite inability to drink, contrast-enhanced CT (a, b) showed markedly dilated fluid-filled stomach, contracted duodenal bulb with 3-cm long stricture (arrowheads in b) without mural thickening, abnormal solid tissue and extrinsic masses.
Pyelographic (B) and axial T2-weighted images showed smooth tapering of the pelvic ureter (arrowheads), without appreciable mural thickening or extrinsic tissue at the coronal T1-weighted image (D), consistent with an iatrogenic stricture.
Tissue sections of a recanalized human mural thrombus were dewaxed by immersion in xylene and rehydrated in decreasing concentrations of ethanol.
