Planar in-line phase-contrast imaging is a Gabor holography technique [ 7] that uses a highly-coherent input x-ray beam and a significant post-sample propagation distance to generate interference effects at tissue discontinuities.
Cutaneous wound is a physical injury that results in structural and functional discontinuity of skin tissue, and healing is a tangled tissue restorative process that involves distinct, overlapping phases of homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling [ 1, 2].
For example, studies have shown that the air-filled vasculature in liver specimens generates significant contrast by creating air-tissue refractive index discontinuities [ 16].
At first glance, the lesion appeared as a discontinuity in the tissue that might initially be thought to be a sectioning artifact.
However, on histological examination it became apparent that the lesion, which resembles a rip or tear, had produced a discontinuity in the tissue causing separation of the layers of the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus.
In the right axillar region, a discontinuity with a soft tissue defect in the humeral head region can be found; as differential diagnosis, a nondislocated humeral fracture of most likely postmortem origin as well as an artefact due to the superimposition of a soft tissue lesion is most likely.
This is in favour of the beginning and perpetuation of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias due to the presence of collagenous septa, which physically separate regions of cardiomyocytes, thus inducing structural discontinuities at cellular and tissue levels.
In limited-volume cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) imaging, projection data discontinuity caused by maxillofacial hard tissue structures outside the reconstructed volume are reported to affect the density value of the hard and soft tissue structures within the volume.
The results in Fig. 6 show reconstructed 3D data for ovine kidney, porcine liver and fatty tissue, and have varying physical features (convex/concave curve, 'step' discontinuity and miscellaneous 'fine' structure).
Based on this capacity and synergy of biomaterials and cell growth factors, a new bioengineering approach for bone restoration and regeneration, also known as bone tissue engineering, has been developed to treat large-size or complicated discontinuity problems in bone.
