Tip segments at 5-10 mm long (n = 5-10 for each treatment) were excised and treated in osmotically balanced FAA fixative solution buffer (pH 7.2) at least 12 h.
For transmission electron microscopy, 3 mm root tip segments were fixed overnight in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in a 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2).
Dehydrated root tip segments were embedded in Steedman's Wax (Polyethylene glycol 400 distearate : 1-hexadecanol = 9 : 1, w/w) as described by He et al. ([2004]) via a graded series Steedman's Wax : ethanol-1 : 1, 2 : 1, 1 : 0, 2 h each step.
Leaf tip segments (about 10 mm in length) excised from the top first leaves of donor plantlets were used to induce direct somatic embryogenesis on different media supplemented with five cytokinins, 2ip, BA, kinetin, zeatin and thidiazuron (TDZ) at 0, 0.3, 1 or 3 mg l−1, 2,4-D (0, 1, 3 mg l−1) combined with TDZ (0, 0.3, 1, 3 mg l−1).
Dendritic filopodia were counted from only visible flanking spines along 30‐ μm terminal tip segments of five total segments in each cell.
13 These specimens will be transferred to the laboratory, with skin swabs streaked onto non-selective agar, and PIV tip segments roll-plated.
The number of dendritic spines was determined along 30-μm-long terminal tip segments of the basilar dendritic tree of either CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons or Purkinje cell dendrites.
Study inclusion criteria included a) well-impregnated terminal tips with no artifact or overlapping precipitate, blood vessels, or other branches; b) terminal tip segments were not cut; and c) terminal tips were planar in the section, for example, parallel to the z-axis.
Segment B 1 coincides with the upper half of cross section of internal layer I ahead of the crack tip, and segment B 2 coincides with the cross section of the external layer II ahead of the crack tip.
At 5 DAI, the harvested samples of root tips or segments showed prominent swelling, an indication of nematode invasion and establishment.
